Year2008 nuclear quadrupole moments archive ouverte hal. Here we show, by combining 75as and 87,85rb nqr and 87rb nmr. Nuclear quadrupole resonance nqr and nuclear magnetic resonance nmr are quite powerful tools which allow to probe the local response function and charge distribution. The discovery by rabi and his collaborators1 that the deuteron in its ground state possesses an electric quadrupole moment is of considerable theoretical importance, since it clearly shows that. By calculations analogous to those for bismuth 4 one gets from casimirs formula and tolanskys measurements a value of about 0. The electric quadrupole moment of the deuteron and the field. Feasibility of nuclear quadrupole resonance as a technique for detecting personborne explosives michael l. Nuclear quadrupole resonance singlepulse echoes request pdf. Consider a body which is on the whole electrically neutral, but in which there is a separation of charge such that there is more positive charge at one end and more negative charge at the other. Year2008 nuclear quadrupole moments article pdf available in molecular physics 10616. Nuclear quadrupole moment article about nuclear quadrupole. Year2017 nuclear quadrupole moments university of helsinki. New table of recommended nuclear electric quadrupole.
Other nuclides with good receptivities may be included due to their prohibitively large nuclear electric quadrupole moments e. Application of nuclear quadrupole resonance to detection of. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. There are clear deviations from the shell model predictions q sm. Electronic chart of deformation gives to one possibility to obtain in comfortable form analogous to that of wellknown charts of the nuclides numerical information for various nuclear deformation parameters quadrupole moment q and quadrupole deformation parameter b 2 for ground states of many nuclei. It is sometimes tabulated in units of e x 1024 cm 2 where e is the electron charge. The qtensor elements in mhz equal the the electric field gradient tensor elements in a. The work of pekka pyykko needed to be applied to all quadrupole moment. The value of the nuclear quadrupole moment variesover a wide range. Hyperfine interaction and nuclear quadrupole resonance nuclear quadrupole resonance nqr to nuclear quadrupole interaction nqi. Electric quadrupole moment from eric weissteins world.
It has the dimension of area and is usually expressed in sq cm. May 16, 2008 the detection of explosives is a challenging topic. Why are atomic quadrupole moments calculated using nuclear spin. Pdf 53cr, 17o and 14n nuclear quadrupole resonance in. Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy or nqr is a chemical analysis technique related to nuclear magnetic resonance. All nuclei that have nonzero spin also possess a nonzero magnetic moment and vice versa, although the connection between. Nuclei which have i 1 0 or i 1p can exhlbit no electric quadrupole moment. Although the quadrupole moment is most obviously of value in the study of nuclei themselves, being a measure of the deviation of the nuclear charge distribution from a spherical shape, measurement of nuclear quadrupole interactions forms a vital investigatory tool in many areas of condensed matter physics and, aiding into the elucidation of. The electric quadrupole interaction between these two quantities gives rise to a splitting in the nuclear energy levels. Odd neutron nuclei have about the same q as odd proton ones nuclei with atomic mass number in the ranges 150 to 190 and greater than 200 have very large quadrupole moments. Hibbs, quantum magnetics introduction nuclear quadrupole resonance nqr combines the spatial localization capability and convenience of metal detection or groundpenetrating radar gpr with the compound specific detection capability offered by chemical detection techniques. The nuclear spectroscopic quadrupole moments for the.
Instead, nqr exploits the fact that some nuclei possess an electric quadrupole moment, which can be thought of as arising from two backtoback electric dipoles positive and. This table is a compilation of experimental measurements of static magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments of ground states and excited states of atomic nuclei throughout the periodic table. Kuzmich 1department of physics and astronomy, university of delaware, newark, delaware 19716, usa 2joint quantum institute, nist and the university. There is a large body of literature on the interactions of nuclear quadrupole moments with electric. So sometimes the quadrupole unit is written eb for electronbarns. The electric quadrupole moment of the deuteron and the. Pdf the nuclear quadrupole moment of 115in from molecular data. Quadrupole couplings in nuclear magnetic resonance, general 1 quadrupole couplings in nuclear magnetic resonance, general pascal p. A nonzero electric quadrupole moment arises for nuclei that are classically described as prolate stretched or oblate squashed spheroids.
Why do we need to seek the best possible determinations of nuclear quadrupole moments. The latter implies only a reversal of the spin direction and hence corresponds to the same effective charge. In nuclear quadrupole resonance nqr, the main interaction is due to the nuclear electric quadrupole moment in the presence of a local electric. There are two contributions to the efg i lattice contributions from. Quadrupole couplings in nuclear magnetic resonance, general. Why are atomic quadrupole moments calculated using nuclear. However, such large gradients are to be found at nuclei when in atoms, ions or molecules and also in a wide range of noncubic solids.
Stone oxford physics, clarendon laboratory, oxford ox1 3pu, uk abstract the table is a compilation of experimental measurements of static magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments of ground states and excited states of atomic nuclei throughout the periodic table. Nuclear magnetic and quadrupole moments for nuclear structure. Jul 19, 2014 mossbauer nuclear quadrupole effect basics 1. Here is one source for the nuclear quadrupole moment formula that is fairly easy to read. Stone, oxford physics, clarendon laboratory parks road, oxford ox1 3pu u.
Hyperfine interaction and nuclear quadrupole resonance. New table of recommended values of electric quadrupole moments. The nuclear charge distribution has axial symmetry and the axis of symmetry coincides with the direction of the nuclear angular momentum and the nuclear magnetic dipole moment. The electric quadrupole moment of the nucleus nature. The interaction between nuclear moment and efg is expressed by the hamiltonian 2. Since the nuclear quadrupole moment q without indices is 1eq 33 we end up with q 11 q 22. The nuclear quadrupole coupling constant nqcc in mhz is the largest value of the principal. An atomic unit of electric dipole moment is a0e, where a0 is the radius of the first bohr orbit for hydrogen and e is the magnitude of the electronic charge.
He notes that there are in principle several ways by which a nuclear quadrupole moment may be determined. As in the nmr case, the sole main interaction does not allow the general. Pdf the molecular beam electric resonance technique has been used to examine. Quadrupole moment of 41 sc by use of new nuclear quadrupole. Nuclear quadrupole resonance singlepulse echoes article in journal of magnetic resonance 1941. The q are expressed in fm 2 thus the numbers have to be multiplied by the electronic charge to obtain the actual quadrupole moment. The nuclear magnetic moment is the magnetic moment of an atomic nucleus and arises from the spin of the protons and neutrons. Using the field gradient in the crystal determined by the pulsedfouriertransformed nmr of 45 sc in tio 2, the quadrupole moment of 41 sc has been determined as q41 sc. Nuclear quadrupole resonance for explosive detection hideo itozaki and go ota graduate school of engineering science, osaka university machikaneyama toyonaka, osaka, 5608531, japan abstract abstract a nuclear quadrupole resonance detector has been developed. Nuclear quadrupole resonances in compact vapor cells. The nuclear quadrupole coupling constants may be measured in molecules, atoms, or solids.
Most of my sources so far are textbooks, which are not publicaccessible, but the above source explains things fairly well. Magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments of the th. Pdf nuclear electric quadrupole moment of 6 li researchgate. Nuclear quadrupole resonance for explosive detection. If a nucleusis extended along the axis of symmetry, then q is a positivequantity, but if the nucleus is flattened along the axis, it isnegative. View nuclear quadrupole resonance research papers on academia. For sphericalsymmetry the nuclear quadrupole moment q 0. The electric quadrupole moment has the units of coulomb x meter 2. Nuclear deformation and quadrupole moment introduction to nuclear science simon fraser university spring 2011 nucs 342 january 12, 2011 nucs 342 lecture 1 january 12, 2011 1. Unlike nmr, nqr transitions of nuclei can be detected in the absence of a magnetic field, and for this reason nqr spectroscopy is referred to as zero field nmr. The electric quadrupole moment operator is defined as. Table of nuclear electric quadrupole moments sciencedirect. Nuclear quadrupole resonance article about nuclear.
In nuclear crosssection measurements, the quantity 1024 cm 2 is called a barn and is represented by b. Table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments q n. Even if the charge density within the nucleus is constant, the distorted shape gives. But the constant, eqq, is a product of two factors. Quadrupole magnets, abbreviated as qmagnets, consist of groups of four magnets laid out so that in the planar multipole expansion of the field, the dipole terms cancel and where the lowest significant terms in the field equations are quadrupole. This was a consequence of the growing number of scientists using nuclear methods to study quadrupole coupling in condensed matter. Grechishkin new methods of nuclear quadrupole resonance i fig. Electronic chart of deformation gives to one possibility to obtain in comfortable form analogous to that of wellknown charts of the nuclides numerical information for various nuclear deformation parameters quadrupole moment q and quadrupole. The table contains 1055 measured quadrupole moments of nuclei of 95 elements between hydrogen and einsteinium z 99 of these 642 are either stable or radioactive ground states or longlived isomers 4 are short lived excited states no measurements for. The three energy levels of 14n and corresponding transition frequencies left 2. Quadrupole magnets are useful as they create a magnetic field whose magnitude grows rapidly with the radial distance from its. Abstract a new table of recommended nuclear electric quadrupole moments has been prepared and published by the nuclear data section of the iaea, vienna stone 20. New table of recommended nuclear electric quadrupole moments. Recent studies of glasses containing nuclear quadrupole moments have revealed.
Application of nuclear quadrupole resonance to detection. The main feature of the new table is the adoption, wherever possible, of the best available calculation of the electric field gradient efg, required to extract the moment from. Given the small scale of nuclear quadrupole moments, of order 1 barn 100fm2, to provide an energy splitting between levels of order 10 mhz requires an efg of order 1017vcm. Nuclear quadrupole resonance is similar in concept, but unlike nmr it does not rely on the nuclei aligning themselves in an externally applied magnetic field. According to wikipedia, nuclei have electric quadrupole moments if their total spin is 1 or greater. For eveneven nuclei it should be about zero and should change sign on going through the shell closure. Appendix j nuclear quadrupole resonance paper i andrew d. The interaction between nuclear moment and efg is expressed by the hamiltonian. A coil antenna being used to detect the signal from the sample right 3. What is the magnetic quadrupole moment of a nucleus in.
Pdf the nuclear quadrupole moment of in115 has been determined by combining the experimental nuclear quadrupole coupling constants and electric field. Nuclear deformation and quadrupole moment introduction to nuclear science simon fraser university spring 2011 nucs 342 january 12, 2011 nucs 342 lecture 1 january 12, 2011 1 33. Any atom that has a nuclear spin i 1 has a nuclear electric quadrupole moment, whose interactions with electric. As in the nmr case, the sole main interaction does not allow the general transitions between all logic states. The measurement of nuclear quadrupole moments has always. Institute of low temperature and structure research. Investigations of the impact of nuclear quadrupole moments on the. Oblate prolate as a component of the electric quadrupole interaction in atoms, molecules, solids and liquids for analysis of electronic properties. Explosives detection with nuclear quadrupole resonance. Table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments n.
Feasibility of nuclear quadrupole resonance as a technique. The status of the nuclear quadrupole moments of the. Nuclei are grouped by element in increasing sequence of atomic number and by increasing mass number for each element. The nqr resonance is mediated by the interaction of the electric field gradient efg. Table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole. The quadrupole moment, nonzero only for nuclei with spin quantum number i greater than or equal to 1, is a nuclear. Nuclear quadrupole moment the quantity thatcharacterizes the deviation from spherical symmetry of the electrical charge distribution in an atomic nucleus. Application of nuclear quadrupole resonance to detection of explosives and research activities at ciae shengyun zhu, xing li, zhongcheng lu, guobao wang, and weiguo shu china institute of atomic energy p. Table of nuclear magetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments nucleus identi. Nuclear quadrupole resonance research papers academia. This moment is a measure of how the nuclear charge distribution deviates away from spherical symmetry and it happens in nuclei with greater spin or equal to.
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